Name: ______________________ S.S. No. ________________ Grade: _________

1. Define ``Environmental Hydrology.'' How does it differ from classical hydrology? What natural resources are considered in Environmental Hydrology? List them.

2. Explain the physical basis for the boomerang-shaped flood-peak-stage/date-of-occurrence relation at the Ladario gage in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. Be specific.

3. Describe how navigation improvements can affect flood magnitude and baseflow. How is annual runoff yield related to geomorphology? Why will climate change set in the Pantanal if runoff yield is increased? What would happen to the vegetation in the Pantanal?

4. What is autodredging? When does it occur? When does it not occur? What is the physical process responsible for autodregding?

5. What is the process responsible for the oxygen in the atmosphere? What is the process responsible for the nitrogen in the atmosphere? What is the origin of the juvenile carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? What is the current carbon dioxide concentration (in ppm) in the atmosphere? What is permanent indirect artificial combustion? How does it affect global warming?

6. Why is it a fallacy to state that tropical rainforests such as the Amazon will help in sequestering excess carbon (greenhouse gases) from fossil fuel burning? Explain.

7. What process is primarily responsible for the release of phosphorous from lake sediments? Why does phosphorous have the tendency to cycle between the biosphere and lithosphere? Why is P important in the biosphere? Is the ocean a sink for phosphorous? Why is sulphur important in the biosphere? Which sulphur compound is odiferous, and which is not?

8. What processes take part in the nitrogen cycle? How does nitrogen enter the biospheric nitrogen cycle? How does nitrogen escape the biospheric nitrogen cycle? In what circumstances does nitrogen become the limiting nutrient? Why?

9. Why is it necessary to have alternate periods of aerobiosis and anaerobiosis in a floodplain or wetland to close the nitrogen cycle? How did the early inhabitants of the Llanos de Mojos manage to interrupt this natural process?

10. What is DO? What is a typical value of DO in clean waters? What is BOD? What does it represent? What are typical BOD values in domestic wastewaters? Why is BOD₅ taken as a standard of measure?

11. Why are wetlands important? What functions do they provide? How are wetlands defined? Are constructed treatment wetlands part of the regulated waters of the United States?

12. What is redox potential? What does it describe? What redox potential (mV) describes aerobic conditions? What redox potential (mV) describes anaerobic conditions? Describe the time sequence of oxidation-reduction in newly flooded wetland soils.