Name: __________________ S.S. No. ________________ Grade: _____

1. Plotting peak flood stage vs annual date of occurrence in the Ladario gage of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso leads to a boomerang-shaped curve. Why? Explain how could this happen. Why does the Pantanal not exhibit a double boomerang?

2. What is the difference between the Leopold matrix and the Battelle Environmental Evaluation System?

3. How does the conversion of runoff to evapotranspiration by irrigation increase the salinity of the land? What is the preferred way to eliminate the anthropogenic salinity?

4. Why is the ocean salty? Why is river water generally higher in calcium than ocean water? Why is ocean water higher in sodium than river water?

5. Why is it a fallacy to state that tropical rainforests such as the Amazon will help in sequestering excess carbon from fossil-fuel burning? Explain.

6. How long are global phosphate resources likely to last? Why is phosphorous important for the functioning of the biosphere?

7. How does nitrogen enter the biosphere? How does nitrogen escape from the biosphere?

8. Why is it necessary to have alternate periods of aerobiosis and anaerobiosis in a floodplain ecosystem in order to close the nitrogen cycle? How did the early inhabitants of the Llanos de Mojos manage to interrupt this natural process?

9. What is DO? What is a typical value of DO in clean waters? What is BOD? What are typical BOD values in domestic wastewaters? What is the DO sag curve? What two reaction parameters does it depend on? In what case does the Streeter-Phelps equation become undefined?

10. What is redox potential? What does it describe? What redox potential (mV) describes aerobic conditions? What redox potential (mV) describes anoxic conditions? What redox potential (mV) describes anaerobic conditions? Describe the time sequence of oxidation-reduction in newly flooded wetland soils. What is methanogenesis?

11. Bonus question: What is the difference between Hydrology and Environmental Hydrology? Be specific.