Name: ______________________ RED ID: __________________ Grade: _______

Instructions: Closed notes, turn off cell phones. Answer each question in a clear and concise paragraph. Use engineering paper.  Answer only 10 questions.

1. What is runoff diffusion? How does it differ between watersheds, reservoirs, and channels?

2. What is Prof. Ponce's S-curve? What is the abscissa in this graph? What is the ordinate?

3. Why is the Vedernikov number important in surface-water hydrology? How is it included in the convection-diffusion equation of flood routing?

4. How does the Snyder unit hydrograph differ from the NRCS unit hydrograph? Be explicit.

5. Why is the time-area method unsuited to general watershed routing? What is it lacking?

6. What is the difference between the original Clark unit hydrograph (1945) and Prof. Ponce's version (1989)? Which method gives a slightly higher peak? Why?

7. What was the primary contribution of the Creager curve?

8. Why did Woolhiser and Liggett switched their research emphasis from dynamic to kinematic wave modeling in the mid 1960s?

9. In dynamic wave routing, how is the lack of a suitable dynamic downstream boundary condition resolved in practice?

10. Why is the usage of HEC-RAS dynamic wave routing not advisable for stage design in channel improvement projects?

11. How does global warming affect hydrologic practice? In snowcaps? In glacier melt hazards? In sea level?

12. How does permanent indirect artificial combustion (PIAC) (the paving of formerly naturally productive land) affect global warming? What percentage of the problem may be attributed to PIAC?