Instructions: Closed notes, turn off cell phones. Answer each question in a clear and concise paragraph. Use engineering paper.

Answer only 10 questions.

1. Explain how the increase in flood magnitude and the drying of springs are related.

2. Why is baseflow recession better than pump tests to assess regional aquifer characteristics?

3. What is the major difference between the NRCS and Snyder synthetic unit hydrographs?

4. Why does the time-area method overestimate peak flows?

5. What is the basis of the method of cascade of linear reservoirs? How does it account for hydrograph translation?

6. What is the difference between the original Clark unit hydrograph and Prof. Ponce's version? Which method gives a slightly higher peak? Why?

7. Why did Woolhiser and Liggett switched their research emphasis from dynamic to kinematic wave modeling in the mid 1960s?

8. What is the difference between the Muskingum and Muskingum-Cunge methods of flood routing? In model formulation? In data requirements?

9. In dynamic wave routing, how is the lack of a suitable dynamic downstream boundary condition resolved in practice?

10. How does global warming affect hydrologic practice? In snowcaps? In glacier melt hazards? In flood frequency? In drought frequency?

11. How does permanent indirect artificial combustion (PIAC) (the paving of formerly naturally productive land) affect global warming? What percentage of the problem do you estimate may be attributed to PIAC?